Pitzer College Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Pitzer College is a private liberal arts college with an admissions rate of 13%. Founded as a womens college in 1963, Pitzer College is now a highly-ranked, coeducational college. Pitzer is one of  The Claremont Colleges, a consortium of seven schools. Students at Pitzer share facilities and can cross-register for classes at schools in the consortium including  Scripps College,  Pomona College,  Harvey Mudd College, and  Claremont McKenna. Pitzer has an 11-to-1  student/faculty ratio, a diverse student body, and strong liberal arts credentials that earned it a chapter of  Phi Beta Kappa.  Pitzer has educational objectives rather than core requirements, and the curriculum is highly interdisciplinary with an emphasis on social justice, intercultural understanding, and environmental sensitivity. Considering applying to this highly selective college? Here are the Pitzer College admissions statistics you should know. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Pitzer College had an acceptance rate of 13%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 13 students were admitted, making Pitzers admissions process highly competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 4,358 Percent Admitted 13% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 47% SAT Scores and Requirements Pitzer College has a test-optional standardized testing policy. With the exception of applicants to the Joint Medical Program, home-schooled applicants, and those students who attend schools that do not provide grades, applicants to Pitzer may submit SAT or ACT scores to the school, but they are not required to do so. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 30% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 670 730 Math 670 760 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that of those students who submitted scores during the 2017-18 admissions cycle, most of  Pitzer Colleges admitted students fall within the  top 20% nationally  on the SAT.  For the evidence-baed reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Pitzer scored between 670 and 730, while 25% scored below 670 and 25% scored above 730. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 670 and 760, while 25% scored below 670 and 25% scored above 760. While the SAT is not required, this data tells us that a composite SAT score of 1490 or higher is competitive for Pitzer College. Requirements Pitzer College does not require SAT scores for admission for most applicants. For students who choose to submit scores, note that Pitzer participates in the scorechoice program, meaning that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. Pitzer does not require the essay section of the SAT or SAT Subject tests. ACT Scores and Requirements Pitzer College has a test-optional standardized testing policy. With the exception of applicants to the Joint Medical Program, home-schooled applicants, and those students who attend schools that do not provide grades, applicants to Pitzer may submit SAT or ACT scores to the school, but they are not required to do so. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 30% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile Composite 30 33 This admissions data tells us that of those who submitted scores during the 2017-18 admissions cycle, most of Pitzer Colleges admitted students fall within the  top 7% nationally  on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Pitzer received a composite ACT score between 30 and 33, while 25% scored above 33 and 25% scored below 30. Requirements Note that Pitzer College does not require ACT scores for admission for most applicants. For students who choose to submit scores, Pitzer participates in the scorechoice program, meaning that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all ACT test dates. Pitzer does not require the ACT writing section. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA for Pitzer Colleges incoming class was 3.94. This suggests that most successful applicants to Pitzer College have primarily A grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Pitzer College Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Pitzer College. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Pitzer College has a highly competitive admissions pool with a low acceptance rate and high average GPAs. However, Pitzer has a  holistic admissions process and is test-optional, and admissions decisions are based on much more than numbers. A strong  application essay, writing supplement, and glowing  letters of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. Pitzers curriculum has a strong focus on social justice and intercultural understanding, and their website notes that they look for evidence of an applicants socially conscious independence. Pitzer also encourages applicants to participate in an optional interview. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and scores are outside Pitzers average range. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that the majority of successful applicants had high school averages of A- or better, combined SAT scores of 1200 or higher, and ACT composite scores of 26 or better. Your high school grades and extracurricular involvement are going to be far more important than standardized test scores due to Pitzers test-optional admissions process. If You Like Pitzer College, You May Also Like These Schools: Pomona CollegeOccidental CollegeUniversity of California - Santa CruzPepperdine UniversitySanta Clara UniversityVassar CollegeNew York UniversityHarvey Mudd College All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Pitzer College Undergraduate Admissions Office.

The Crime Of Child Abuse - 1184 Words

Crime. It comes in many forms, shapes and sizes; assault, battery, false imprisonment, kidnapping and homicide, just to name a few. Crime is no stranger to anyone because it isn’t prejudice. Human beings commit crimes for many different reasons; perhaps a person commits a crime such as shoplifting out of desperation, especially when medications or food is in shortage, but what are other motivations for why individuals commit crimes? Researchers have been gathering facts, for years, to determine what kinds of people commit crimes and why they do. One adult crime that is committed by both males and females is the crime of child abuse. â€Å"Child abuse† has many deviations when it comes to its definition because it can be categorized in†¦show more content†¦Males and females alike commit this crime but is it more common in one sex more than the other? Is one gender more susceptible to abuse than the other? According to the Journal of Family Violence; â€Å"Female juvenile delinquents were more frequently victim of sexual and physical abuse and had a history of neglect and maltreatment than male juvenile offenders (Thornberry et al. 2012). The article goes on to state that male juvenile offenders committed more sexual offenses and felony offenses against people. Female juvenile offenders reported higher levels of having committed misdemeanor offenses against person and violence that were not included in criminal history. A history of sexual abuse was related to sexual offending, while a history of physical abuse was related to violent offending. The â€Å"cycle of violence† theory describes how when a person is a victim of child maltreatment, then they develop a risk factor for being a perpetrator of maltreatment later in life. Many adults suffer from post-traumatic stress symptoms and disorders, which cause them to commit crimes that were, once committed against them and because of this, abuse becomes the norm for them (Bandura 1973; 1977). Findings conclude that female delinquents were more often victims of sexual and physical abuse and more often had a history of neglect and maltreatment than male juvenile offenders. So does this mean that women commit child abuse more often than men? Well, when it comes

The Crime Of Child Abuse - 1184 Words

Crime. It comes in many forms, shapes and sizes; assault, battery, false imprisonment, kidnapping and homicide, just to name a few. Crime is no stranger to anyone because it isn’t prejudice. Human beings commit crimes for many different reasons; perhaps a person commits a crime such as shoplifting out of desperation, especially when medications or food is in shortage, but what are other motivations for why individuals commit crimes? Researchers have been gathering facts, for years, to determine what kinds of people commit crimes and why they do. One adult crime that is committed by both males and females is the crime of child abuse. â€Å"Child abuse† has many deviations when it comes to its definition because it can be categorized in†¦show more content†¦Males and females alike commit this crime but is it more common in one sex more than the other? Is one gender more susceptible to abuse than the other? According to the Journal of Family Violence; â€Å"Female juvenile delinquents were more frequently victim of sexual and physical abuse and had a history of neglect and maltreatment than male juvenile offenders (Thornberry et al. 2012). The article goes on to state that male juvenile offenders committed more sexual offenses and felony offenses against people. Female juvenile offenders reported higher levels of having committed misdemeanor offenses against person and violence that were not included in criminal history. A history of sexual abuse was related to sexual offending, while a history of physical abuse was related to violent offending. The â€Å"cycle of violence† theory describes how when a person is a victim of child maltreatment, then they develop a risk factor for being a perpetrator of maltreatment later in life. Many adults suffer from post-traumatic stress symptoms and disorders, which cause them to commit crimes that were, once committed against them and because of this, abuse becomes the norm for them (Bandura 1973; 1977). Findings conclude that female delinquents were more often victims of sexual and physical abuse and more often had a history of neglect and maltreatment than male juvenile offenders. So does this mean that women commit child abuse more often than men? Well, when it comes

Impact of Technology on Marketing Research - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImpact of Technology on Marketing Research for Products. Answer: Introduction Technology has gone through a huge revolution in the past century. It has changed the way of life of the world. In every aspect of life, people use technology. The business world is no exception. In all the spheres of business, technology plays a major role. One such part of the businesses is the marketing. This is a crucial function of the businesses that deal with production and distribution of goods and services (Babin and Zikmund 2015). Marketing research refers to the studies that are done to find out innovative and improved ways for marketing. Marketing research is conducted to identify and solve the problems of marketing (Brown and Churchill 2014). The report focuses on the impact of technology on the marketing research in todays business. Impact of technology on 4Ps of Marketing In the competitive market for products and services, smarter and efficient ways of marketing is very essential. The revenue and profit of the manufacturing and service industry depends heavily on proper marketing. These days, all the companies are using latest technologies for marketing. Marketing research is done through Ad tracking, Brand awareness, Advertising research, brand name testing, distribution channel testing, customer satisfaction research, STP research, demand and sales forecasting, viral marketing through social media etc. (Armstrong et al. 2015). The different sections of marketing are discussed below. Product: With the emergence of internet, the availability of goods and services has changed. People now have access to international products anytime and from anywhere through the various shopping websites, such as Amazon, ebay, etc., official websites of the retailers and smartphone apps. Hence, the retailers are also putting advertisements for their products in these sites and apps to reach out to a bigger customer base. The data from these platforms is collected and analyzed using various statistical tools. Technology has made the trend analysis easier (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014). Price: Technology has made the comparison of prices easier. As the online retailers can now make individual profiles of the customers and track the consumption pattern, they can easily analyze the trend of demand for the particular goods or service and can set the price accordingly. Thus, demand and sales forecasting have become easier with the help of technology. The convenience of online payment through cards and netbanking has also helped in increase in the sales of the consumer products (Blzquez 2014). Place: Marketing and sales of products are not confined to specific places anymore. Internet has enabled the retailers to access a much wider customer base across the world, which was not possible earlier. The online markets have become more unbiased as there are now smaller producers along with giants. Hence, technological advancement has been beneficial for both the buyers and sellers. Marketing research has shown that with the advancement of technology, the retail industry of the world has grown multiple times in a short span of time (Zikmund et al. 2013). Promotion: This is the most important part of marketing. A company can have a hue hike in sales if the promotional strategies are proper. The impact of technology is maximum in this area. Advertising offline and online, personal selling, direct marketing, public relation, etc are promotional channels. Technology has made promotional activities in these channels much easier. The retailers use websites, digital channels such as, television, radio, emails, text messages, telecalling, popup ads in the websites, online brochures etc. for promotions. Thus, on one hand, it is an objective of the marketing research to find out further innovative technical solutions for promotion, on the other hand, technology has made the research work easier (Malhotra, Birks and Wills 2013). Role of technology In todays world, marketing research is heavily dependent on technology. From data collection to prepare a report, technology is used everywhere. The marketing research is done by collecting the data from various digital channels used by the companies. The shopping behavior of the customers generates a pattern of demand. These data was collected and analyzed using various statistical tools by data analysis firms. Apart from data collection, coding, data entry, designing of questionnaire for survey, sampling, testing, experiments, comparisons and creating reports are all done by using software (Lin and Atkin 2014). Pros and cons of technology Various tools are available in the industry that makes that data analysis easier. Technology saves time and effort; however, the latest technology incurs a heavy cost. Many small firms cannot afford to have their own marketing research technology, and hence, they delegate the task to analysis firms. Lack of skilled people is another problem that the companies face. In many cases, the firms cannot own a new technology for research, and thus, the employees do not get necessary training to gain knowledge on it (Armstrong et al. 2015). Latest technologies in marketing The latest technologies that have become more prevalent in todays business are Customer Relationship Management systems (CRMs) and Social Media Marketing. Customer Relationship Management systems (CRMs) The CRMs use the technology for organizing, synchronizing and automating business practices. This helps in identifying and targeting potential customers and generating leads for the marketing team. These technologies monitor and analyze the responses, clicks, deals, leads, sales, revenue data, and various activities, such as, video download, ad watch etc., which is helpful in marketing research. The technologies track the pattern through free downloads, web presentations, online videos and customer comments and reviews. Hence, the technology analyses not only quantitative data, but also qualitative data through the comments and reviews of the customer (Khodakarami and Chan 2014). Social media marketing Social media marketing is the method of gaining the data through website traffic tracking. This involves the peer recommendation and building brand awareness. The technology helps to create a buzz around a product. Word of mouth is more effective in this type of marketing. Through the usage of technology, the retailers can analyze the data generated from web traffic, and this helps in marketing research to find out innovative ways for effective promotions (Tuten and Solomon 2014). Conclusion It can be concluded that, technology has evolved the marketing research techniques. The methods and solutions have become more efficient and time and effort saving. Although it is cost incurring, the impact of technology is always positive on the marketing research. It has not only improved the research methods, but also introduced advanced ways for marketing. References: Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Blzquez, M., 2014. Fashion shopping in multichannel retail: The role of technology in enhancing the customer experience.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,18(4), pp.97-116. Brown, T.J. and Churchill, G.A., 2014.Basic marketing research: Customer insights and managerial action. Cengage learning. Khodakarami, F. and Chan, Y.E., 2014. Exploring the role of customer relationship management (CRM) systems in customer knowledge creation.Information Management,51(1), pp.27-42. Lin, C.A. and Atkin, D.J. eds., 2014.Communication technology and social change: Theory and implications. Routledge. Malhotra, N.K., Birks, D.F. and Wills, P., 2013.Essentials of marketing research. Pearson. Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A., 2014.Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014.Social media marketing. Sage. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

The Iliad Essay Research Paper True HeroPatroclus free essay sample

The Iliad Essay, Research Paper True Hero Patroclus is the assistance to Achilles and his closest intimate. He is an first-class complement to Achilles. They hold dear the same rules and possess the same properties. Although Achilles? accomplishments are greater, Patroclus is a much greater hero and adult male than Achilles is. Patroclus? moral character is really high. He stands up for what is right, and denounces the selfish actions of his friend. Achilles is the greatest warrior and Patroclus? best friend, but Patroclus has no reserves about indicating out Achilles errors. He is the lone 1 who doesn? t fear the fury of Achilles. ? But you are intractable, Achilles! / Pray God such choler neer seizes me, such fury you nurse./ Cursed in your ain bravery! What good will a adult male, / even one in the following coevals, get from you/ unless you defend the Argives from catastrophe? / You bosom of Fe! ? ( 16:32-37 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Iliad Essay Research Paper True HeroPatroclus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Patroclus wants to contend and salvage his fellow Argives. He grieves for his injured and fallen companions. Achilles doesn? t weep for his countryman the manner Patroclus does. ? Or crying over the Argives, are you? Sing them die/ against the hollow ships, repaid for their discourtesies? ? ( 16:18-19 ) . Achilles still holds the impression that the Greeks must pay for the discourtesy they caused him. Patroclus is a loyal friend to the glorification hungry Achilles. He is similar to Banquo contending with Macbeth. Banquo was ever overshadowed in conflict following to Macbeth. Achilles allows Patroclus to contend every bit long as he does non steal off any of Achilles? glorification. ? Once you have whipped the enemy from the fleet/ you must come back, Patroclus. Even if Zeus/ the thundering Godhead of Hera lets you prehend your glorification, / you must non fire for war against these Trojans, / lunatics craving for battle-not without me-/you will merely do my glorification that much less? ( 16:101-106 ) . Achilles cares for his friend, but doesn? T want him to have his glorification. Achilles merely wants the Trojans off from his ships. Achilles feels if anyone is to plunder Troy, it must be him. The tide of the conflict is turned more by Patroclus, than by Achilles. Patroclus is decidedly the biggest indirect cause of the Grecian triumph. His decease sends the ego involved Achilles into his great violent disorder. The loss of his baronial friend cholers him so much, he decides to demand retaliation, and win the war. Achilles was ready to go forth his friends on the field to decease. ? No, you must turn back-/ shortly as you bring light of triumph to the ships./ Let the remainder of them cut themselves to pieces on the field! ? ( 16:112-114 ) . Achilles is the most powerful warrior on Earth, but he refuses to contend. If he had fought his friends would non see the adversities they faced. When Achilles had fought before the Greeks had maintained the advantage. The absence of Achilles from the battleground made Trojan laterality easy. Patroclus provides the accelerator that ignites the bend of the war. Patroclus was besides able to turn the tide of the conflict while life every bit good. Patroclus tried to win the war for different grounds than Achilles. He did it to salvage his friends and ground forces from devastation. In Patrocolus? effort for triumph he was unmatched on the battleground by any person. An immortal interfered with Patroclus? conquering. ? And so and at that place the Achaeans might hold taken Troy, / her towering Gatess tumbling under Patroclus? power/ heading the vanguard, ramping on with spear./ But Apollo took his base on the monolithic bulwark, / his head blazing with decease for him but assist for Troy. ? ( 16:816-820 ) . The violent disorder Patroclus went on saved the Grecian ships and drove the Tojans into Troy. ? But the will of Zeus will ever overmaster the will of work forces, / Zeus who strikes fear in even the bravest adult male of war and tears off his victory, all in a lightning flash, / and at other times he will spur a adult male to conflict, / merely as he urged Patroclus? rage now. ? ( 16:805-809 ) . Patroclus more than accomplished what he was assign ed by his friend, but kept on ramping in conflict. The chief exterior map of Patroclus is to be the mighty Achilles? best friend. He is really skilled, but non Achilles equal. The relationship could be one of great enviousness on the portion of Patroclus. He loves his beloved friend, but is non covetous. He besides is non a yes adult male to Achilles. He voices his sentiments about his friends being slaughtered. Patroclus is the best adult male in the war. He would hold taken Troy by himself if Apollo had non intervened. ? Back-/ Patroclus, Prince, travel back! It is non the will of destiny that the proud Trojans? citadel autumn before your lance, / non even before Achilles-far greater adult male than you! ? ( 16:825-828 ) . Achilles is non a far greater adult male. No person was able to get the better of Patroclus. The deathless God Apollo caused the decease of Patroclus. The one opportunity Patroclus had to separate himself was shot down by the deathly bowman. Hector could non get the better of Patroclus by himself. The glorificati on that would come with the decease of Hector wasn? t the driving force of Patroclus. He didn? T desire the glorification Achilles was after. Patroclus could non hold been such beloved friend with Achilles, if he had such a thirst for glorification as Achilles. Patroclus neer complained about his destiny. Achilles was destined to decease a immature adult male. ? Honor my boy Achilles! -/ doomed to the shortest life of any adult male on earth. ? ( 1:602-603 ) . Achilles is a great warrior, and will decease after having all the glorification for plundering Troy. Patroclus died at a immature age contending courageously, yet the lone glorification he received was holding the great Achilles as his biggest griever. Patroclus was cover the much harsher destiny of the two. Achilles has far more possible, but Patroclus uses his ability Fuller. Patroclus uses what the Gods gave him to function others. He serves the great Achilles all his life, but he besides serves the Grecian ground forces in their clip of demand. Achilles has upstaged Patroclus all his life. They are by no agencies equal. Achilles is much greater in the eyes of work forces for what he can carry through. Patroclus is the truer hero for what he is able to, and the motivations behind what he accomplishes.

Free Essays on Employment Testing Case Study

Case Study #2 Bechtel Power Corporation’s Use of Objective Welding Tests Bechtel Power Corporation requires its welders to meet the standards established by the American Society of Mechanical engineers Codes. There are two categories in which welders must qualify in order to meet the standards as a general welder and to meet the standards of jobs requiring a more skilled welder. Because Ligons had passed the test placing him into the more qualified category prior to his arrival, Bechtel was within its right to test him, especially after Ligons was seen not performing certain aspects of the job adequately. The company used the concept of test-retest reliability to judge his skills at specific job functions. After failing the test, Ligons was given additional training, and was kept on as an employee. The initial lay off was with 58 other welders, all of them white, except Ligons, showing that there was not any racial discrimination when Ligons was selected as one of the employees to be laid off. Upon his rehire, Ligons was trained more and tested in order to recertify for the more difficult welding job. He failed the more difficult welding test, again. Four months later, Ligons was laid off again. The excerpt does not state what race the other welders were, nor does it state whether those welders had failed the more skilled welding examine. It also fails to state if Bechtel trained Ligons any more after failing the exam. Even without this information, the attempts made by Bechtel to train Ligons and to allow him the opportunity to retest shows the commitment the company had to provide its employees every opportunity to succeed. Using content-valid tests for the skills being measured and test-retest reliability, the company was able to conclude that Ligons was not accurately or adequately skilled for the more difficult welding jobs required. The test measures his skills at performing specific welding procedure... Free Essays on Employment Testing Case Study Free Essays on Employment Testing Case Study Case Study #2 Bechtel Power Corporation’s Use of Objective Welding Tests Bechtel Power Corporation requires its welders to meet the standards established by the American Society of Mechanical engineers Codes. There are two categories in which welders must qualify in order to meet the standards as a general welder and to meet the standards of jobs requiring a more skilled welder. Because Ligons had passed the test placing him into the more qualified category prior to his arrival, Bechtel was within its right to test him, especially after Ligons was seen not performing certain aspects of the job adequately. The company used the concept of test-retest reliability to judge his skills at specific job functions. After failing the test, Ligons was given additional training, and was kept on as an employee. The initial lay off was with 58 other welders, all of them white, except Ligons, showing that there was not any racial discrimination when Ligons was selected as one of the employees to be laid off. Upon his rehire, Ligons was trained more and tested in order to recertify for the more difficult welding job. He failed the more difficult welding test, again. Four months later, Ligons was laid off again. The excerpt does not state what race the other welders were, nor does it state whether those welders had failed the more skilled welding examine. It also fails to state if Bechtel trained Ligons any more after failing the exam. Even without this information, the attempts made by Bechtel to train Ligons and to allow him the opportunity to retest shows the commitment the company had to provide its employees every opportunity to succeed. Using content-valid tests for the skills being measured and test-retest reliability, the company was able to conclude that Ligons was not accurately or adequately skilled for the more difficult welding jobs required. The test measures his skills at performing specific welding procedure...

Andrew Beard Invents the Jenny Coupler

Andrew Beard Invents the Jenny Coupler Andrew Jackson Beard lived an extraordinary life for a black American inventor. His invention of the Jenny automatic car coupler revolutionized railroad safety. Unlike the vast majority of inventors who never profit from their patents, he profited from his inventions. Life of Andrew Beard - From Slave to Inventor Andrew Beard was born a slave on a plantation in Woodland, Alabama, in 1849, shortly before slavery ended. He received emancipation at age 15 and he married at age 16. Andrew Beard was a farmer, carpenter, blacksmith, a railroad worker, a businessman and finally an inventor. Plow Patents Bring Success He grew apples as a farmer near Birmingham, Alabama for five years before he built and operated a flour mill  in Hardwick, Alabama. His work in agriculture led to tinkering with improvement for plows. In 1881, he patented his first invention, an improvement to the double plow, and sold the patent rights for $4,000 in 1884. His design allowed for the distance between the plow plates to be adjusted. That amount of money would be the equivalent of almost $100,000 today. His patent is US240642, filed on September 4, 1880, at which time he listed his residence at Easonville, Alabama, and published on April 26, 1881. In 1887, Andrew Beard patented a second plow and sold it for $5,200. This patent was for a design that allowed the pitch of the blades of plows or cultivators to be adjusted. The amount he received would be the equivalent of about $130,000 today. This patent is US347220, filed on May 17, 1886, at which time he listed his residence as Woodlawn, Alabama, and published on August 10, 1996.  Ã‚  Beard invested the money he made from his plow inventions into a profitable real-estate business. Rotary Engine Patents Beard received two patents for rotary steam engine designs. US433847 was filed and granted in 1890. He also received patent US478271 in 1892. There was no information found as to whether these were profitable for him. Beard Invents the Jenny Coupler for Railroad Cars In 1897,  Andrew Beard patented an improvement to railroad car couplers. His improvement came to be called the Jenny Coupler. It was one of many that aimed to improve the knuckle coupler patented by Eli Janney in 1873 (patent US138405). The knuckle coupler did the dangerous job of hooking railroad cars together, which formerly was done by manually placing a pin in a link between the two cars. Beard, himself had lost a leg in a car coupling accident. As an ex-railroad worker, Andrew Beard had the right idea that probably saved countless lives and limbs. Beard received three patents for automatic car couplers. These are US594059 granted November 23, 1897, US624901 granted May 16, 1899, and US807430 granted on May 16, 1904. He lists his residence as Eastlake, Alabama for the first two and Mount Pinson, Alabama for the third. While there were thousands of patents filed at the time for car couplers, Andrew Beard received $50,000 for the patent rights to his Jenny Coupler. This would be just shy of 1.5 million dollars today. Congress enacted the Federal Safety Appliance Act at that time to enforce using automatic couplers. View the complete patent drawings for Beards inventions.  Andrew Jackson Beard was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006 in recognition of his revolutionary Jenny Coupler. He died in 1921.

Justice System Position Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Justice System Position - Research Paper Example However, with the passage of time the intensity of the crime committed by juvenile increased which lead to the shift in the focus of the justice system. The justice system shifted its focus from rehabilitation to punishment. This shift in focus has initiated the debate of what the focus of Juvenile Justice System should be. While many are of the opinion that this shift in focus is just, I believe the focus of juvenile justice system should be rehabilitation and not retribution. Many individuals and groups of society believe that the threat of harsher punishment would help in decreasing the rate of juvenile crime. While it may be true if approached from one aspect but the other side of the coin indicates very different and adverse result of this approach. According to a study conducted by the North-eastern University in 1996 on juvenile recidivism, the treat of harsher sentences like that of adult has done little to decrease the juvenile crime rate. Reason for supporting rehabilitation as the focus of juvenile justice system is the belief that children being young still have the potential and ability to change. Children are what the surrounding circumstances have shaped them to be. If treated with proper care, there is a very less chance that they will not change. Saving children is easy because they are young and not fully matured in their thinking. It is necessary to save these children so that they make a better part of the society in the future. Rehabilitation through its various approaches and programs has a better capability to save these children’s than punishment. Rehabilitation through its various programs like Youth Outreach Service (YOS) focuses on assessing mental health of the youth. These programs aim to provide the youth with immediate assistance regarding the mental and emotional problems caused by the trauma youth faced thus saving helping to save the child. It is because of this focus on psychological improvement

Religion and Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion and Theology - Essay Example Religion typically appeals to emotional values of a person as opposed to the intellectual values. Believers always tend to think that an emotional reason for believers is not worthy. A person may be identified according to his/her religion in many ways, such as the dressing codes, the speech of a person and their lifestyle. You can identify a person religion due to the way the person dresses, some religion are strict in the believer’s mode of dressing and therefore are against other types of dressing while others do not care about the dressing mode.the speech of a person can also make you to differentiate people according to their religion for instance Muslims usually include Muhammad in between their conversations while Christians include Jesus Christ, this can help one to differentiate between a Muslim and a Christian. The name of a person can suggest the religion of the respective person (Neusner, 304). For instance the Christians name their children according to the names in the bible. This are only but a few ways one can be identified in regard to the religion he/she belongs to. Despite the difference in religions and beliefs most people believe in on e true God. Muslim is one among the many religions. The Muslims believe in Muhammad as the messenger of God. They believe in Quran as the only revelation that is not changed with human influence. Though they agree that there are other revelation but they argue that the other revelation have been altered with time thus remaining with the Quran as the perfect one. The Muslims are tied up by various religious concepts and practices this includes fasting in various seasons such as the Ramadan and alms giving. During their fasting period they dedicate themselves in helping the poor and the needy, this is not usually considered as a charity work thus it is a religious requirement that must be respected by all Muslims. They usually take this as the best moment to be near to God and do his work. Their fasting always starts from dawn and ends at dusk at wich time they ought not to take anything even a drink, pregnant women and the sick people are usually exempted from the fasting because the y can not stay for long hours without food. They always pray five times in a day, the five pillars of worship has always been the concept of worship and they stick unto it. Their religion also insists that one must have a trip to Mecca once in a one’s lifetime, at the least. The rituals done during the trip to Mecca include having a walk seven times rounds the Kaaba, if possible one should make sure he/she touches the black stone, they usually run in between mount. Safa and mount marwa seven times continuous, in addition to the above rituals a Muslim is also supposed to symbolically stone the devil in mina. They not only assemble in the mosque for their prayers but also meet there to study different things in regard to life. Children classes are also held in the mosque, Muslims always believe that a child should be taught while still young. When going to the toilet the Muslims usually carries a jerican of water to wash themselves, they do this to maintain cleanliness unlike m any religions that their believers use the tissue papers. This seems so interesting but attending their worshipping service is more interesting though not easy if you are a non Muslim to be granted the permission. The Muslims worship every Friday at 1.00 pm, before starting their worshiping session the women are separated from the men. They always have strict rules regarding fornication and hence prevent the intermingling of men and women to the greatest extent possible. This is why they usually separates them during the worshipping session to

Jasmine Revolution Essay Example for Free

Jasmine Revolution Essay Leadership or Tyranny? Summary: Within just 28 days, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali had no alternative but to step down from his 23-year presidency in Tunisia. A single spark set by Mohamed Bouazizi turned out to be a prairie fire across the whole country. Economic Growth Paradox Although the economy of Tunisia has been growing steady at an average rate of 5% for the past 23 years, the unemployment rate has been standing at over 10% since 2003, which is indeed alarmingly high. The rate is double for the young Tunisians, and even higher for the fresh graduates. A recent survey has shown that the unemployment rate stands at 25% and 44% for male graduates and female graduates respectively. If the economy is growing every year, why are there so many people out of job and struggling to survive against serious inflation? What is going on behind the scene? Surrender to Dictatorship In addition to the economic factors, the political situation in Tunisia has played a crucial role in this Jasmine Revolution. The Tunisians have been silent for years: minimal (if any) freedom of speech, deprivation of other political rights and stringent censorship over information and the press. Rampant corruption at the top tier level of the Ben Ali regime, as revealed by Wikileaks, is another burning issue. On the other hand, the Tunisians had to confront the unreliable and abusive police force from the government. Instead of being protected by the local police force, Bouazizi (who was operating as an unlicensed hawker) had his produce confiscated and his subsequent complaints entirely ignored, which eventually led to his self-immolation. Transactional Leadership The exchange relationship between the Ben Ali government and the citizens in Tunisia did not seem to be balanced. Prior to a series of protests and demonstrations and subsequent abdication of Ben Ali, the Tunisians had been resigned to the dictatorship of Ben Ali in exchange of a decent life. However, are the Tunisians getting what they are supposed to obtain? Undeniably, Tunisia has become one of the most stable countries in Arab. True, the slow yet steady economic prosperity and gradual increase in basic health care and education have made the Tunisians look better-off than their Libyan and Algerian counterparts. Nonetheless, they are also under constant threat of unemployment, corrupt officials and violent police force instead of what guarantees a decent life – law and order. Media in Play? While some critics have also partially attributed this revolution to Internet social media, Twitter and Facebook in particular, caution should be exercised in order to avoid playing up the actual influence of social media. No doubt, the speed of information transmission has been greatly enhanced with the introduction of the Internet. In the case of Tunisia, some have named it as â€Å"Twitter Revolution†. However, all social media are better seen as a vehicle or a catalyst of the protests and subsequent overthrowing of Ben Ali. In other words, they are not the sole enablers of such revolution. After all, the crux lies with the fact that when the leader realises his self-interests and benefits at the expense of the interest of the other party, such transactions can no longer be deemed as satisfactory or fair in the eye of the exploited party. What’s Next The single spark in Tunisia has already started a prairie fire in Egypt, with the flame spreading to Libya and China at a great speed. How should the leaders faced with similar dilemmas react? Adopting an even more high-handed approach on the people helps very little at best, and aggravates the problem further at worse. Stricter censorship and control over the information flow to the citizens might sound plausible, yet people can always find means to overcome such barriers. On the other hand, people do not seem intimidated by the dire consequence of their protests – arrest and torture. The self-immolation of Bouazizi is a case in point to show the ‘make-or-break’ determination of the people when pushed to the dead alley. Fair Deal If the transactional relationship is to be maintained, the leaders should identify, understand and respond to the true needs of people. Marginalizing any segment of the society is the last thing to do – frustration and disappointment of the people can evolve into a fatal blow to any regime. If people’s basic welfare were not well taken care of, could the government rest assured that social peace would be maintained? What can go hand in hand with the above is that the leader should create a vision for the people and motivate the people to pursue and actualize the same version, not for themselves only but for others as well.

The Sabotaged Friendship of Authors Ernest Hemingway and Sherwood Ander

The Sabotaged Friendship of Authors Ernest Hemingway and Sherwood Anderson Ernest Hemingway, an intrinsically gifted author in his own right, owes much of his early success to the mentor he befriended and eventually estranged, Sherwood Anderson. Hemingway’s renowned knack for sabotaging personal relationships throughout his life started early with Anderson. The two writers met in a suburb of Chicago named Oak Park while Hemingway worked as an editor for the Cooperative Commonwealth in 1919. Anderson would go on to help Ernest publish his first successful work (inspired by Sherwood’s own writing), In Our Time, but the friendship would come to an abrupt end in 1926 courtesy of Hemingway’s satirical jab at his former mentor in The Torrents of Spring. Sherwood Anderson was a relatively well-established author when he met Ernest Hemingway. Before they encountered one another, Hemingway had already read Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio. Ernest â€Å"was a great admirer of [Anderson’s] work, particularly those tales which had sporting scenes for their backgrounds† (Schevill 153). Whenever the two were around each other, Hemingway was always â€Å"quiet and attentive† (Fenton 104), though Ernest’s friend, Kate Smith recalled: â€Å"It probably means a storm’s brewing† (Fenton 104). Hemingway would internalize all that he learned from his time spent with Anderson in Chicago. The two shared a similar interest in â€Å"sex as a basic human drive,...the examination of youth and its distresses,†¦[and] the importance of emotion and feeling† (Fenton 148). Anderson himself denied ever influencing Hemingway’s work â€Å"as a whole† (Fenton 105). Anderson me rely recognized the talent that Hemingway possessed. Motivated by his appreciation... ...rite to him that he meant the book as a joke, though Sherwood failed to recognize the humor in it. Anderson interpreted the book as a personal insult. The relationship between the two authors was never the same. Later in 1926, the two met in Paris over drinks, but Anderson noted that Hemingway had become â€Å"too self-centered, too concerned with his own career to the exclusion of personal relationships† (Schevill 238). The rift created by the Torrents of Spring would never be mended. Over the years, Anderson remained an avid fan of Hemingway’s work, but their friendship dwindled out of existence. Sherwood Anderson inspired multitudes of young writers: Faulkner, Joyce, Hemingway, Stein, to name a few, with his simple narrative tone and colloquial settings. Anderson served as the perfect mentor in cultivating the talented minds of some of America’s finest writers.

The Japanese Quince

Japanese Quince† is a story that describe around a part of Mr†¦ Nelson's life. It starts out with Mr†¦ Nilsson being drawn outside where he finds himself standing in front of a Japanese quince tree. Before he can feel the special of the tree, he finds that his neighbor is also outside and eventually Mr†¦ Nilsson walks back inside to continue his boring day. The simple event lead the story into a deeper administrative level.John Goalmouths, the author, uses symbolism within his short story to create a deeper meaning within: when given an opportunity to change their lives, some people are hesitated to be consciously. However, subconscious factors may influence their behaviors in ways that can impact their lives in many ways which they did not anticipate. Throughout this tale, John Goalmouths uses some symbolism. The story begins with Mr†¦ Nilsson reading his paper when he feels a sharp pain near his fifth rib, Just above his heart. He takes deep breaths to try and reduce the pain, but it only makes it worse. He tries to figure out the cause of the pain.Deep In thought, Mr†¦ Nilsson becomes distracted by a pleasant â€Å"fragrance† from the quince tree In the nearby park. He forgets about his pain and enjoys the distraction of the tree. This ailment symbolizes the void that he feels, Mr†¦ Nilsson does not know what It Is and tries to figure it out, but in the end he never finds it. The smell of nature, to be more specific, the Japanese Quince tree's smell, that represents life itself. This symbolizes the piece that he is missing, seen when he does not feel the pain In his chest anymore. Mr†¦ Nilsson feels content with It and feels special that he had been able to witness of such a beautiful sight.John Goalmouths uses this scene to symbolize the discovery of a lost piece. The â€Å"Japanese Quince† Is a short tale that John Goalmouths wrote using symbolism to create a centric theme. The protagonist of the story finds that he Is presented two paths at the one that blocks his way Is himself; he must chose which path he will take. In the end of the story, he decides that It Is not worth stepping over himself to change his life and he reverse. Through this, John Goalmouths Is showing that the mall character was hesitated to change his life and his subconscious Influences him to would walk away from the opportunity.

20th Century World Literature a Madman’s Diary Essay

In this paper we will research the Chinese Revolution of 1911. Talk about how is Lu Xun’s A Madman’s Diary a reflection of China’s revolutionary history, explain how In Diary, who the madman was and what he represented. Also we will look at and explain what cannibalism represented. And then we will discuss how this can be applied to our lives. The Revolution of 1911 was a period of time during Chinese history which overthrew China’s last imperial dynasty, and established the Republic of China. It was made up of many fights and uprisings. What changed it all was the Wuchang Uprising on October 10, 1911, which was the result of the Railway Protection Movement. This ended with the resignation of the â€Å"Last Emperor† on February 12, 1912, which marked the end of the Imperial rule and set up the China’s Republican era. A Madman’s Diary promoted China’s education and progress similar to the style of Western civilization thorough first-person fiction that is obscenitively satirical. At the end of the piece, the madman says,† Perhaps there are still children and future generations who have not yet fully adopted Confucian values are the likely candidates for social change. The have not yet read the history books pounding in the ideas of age-old morality and piety and social cannibalism. Their parents have not yet corrupted their belief system. Save the children, and save China. The exact words from the book says that the madman: was one of two brothers: Two brothers, whose names I need not mention here, were both good friends of mine in high school; but after a separation of many years we gradually lost touch. Some time ago I happened to hear that one of them was seriously ill. pg. 131 The Longman Anthology World Literature 2nd Ed The brother that was seriously ill was considered the madman and the only illness he was suffering from was a persecution complexity issue within himself. The madman’s ideas represents the changes sought by the Revolution of 1911 which were a spirit of progress and reform at both social and personal levels; the rejection of an tyrannical traditionalism, conformity and ignorance. The madman respects writing as the source of apparent truth but is trying to gain true wisdom through the making of this novel literary. As cannibalism is metaphor for the unfeeling nature of Chinese feudalism, the madman is Lu Xun’s ideal persona. Furthermore, Lu Xun personifies his own ideals through his career choice to pursue writing in an effort to bring about the spiritual awakening that he believes the Chinese are in need of. In the end, Lu Xun effectively places himself as the â€Å"madman† and revolutionary of modern Chinese literature. This story has taught me a lot and I am glad that it was a piece of literature that we had to read. It taught me that no matter how crazy we think we are sometimes we are really the smartest ones in the bunch and it generally is just a persecution complex issue that we have with ourselves which we need to find a way to overcome.

Great Gatsby2 essays

Great Gatsby2 essays The more things change, the more they stay the same "The Times They are a-Changin'," or so 60's singer/songwriter Bob Dylan thought. But have we really matured enough as people to say that racism and prejudice are no longer words in the English vocabulary? Most people like to think so, but the facts paint a different picture. The novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald can be used to illustrate these points. In the mid-20's, when American author F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby, it was common to use words to describe African American people that today would be seen as offensive and degrading. Mainly the sole purpose of using such words were to depict African Americans as objects, not human beings. When Nick describes the "two Bucks" and a Negro girl passing them in a horse-drawn carriage with a white chauffeur he thinks to himself "Anything can happen now that we've slid over this bridgeÃ…  anything at allÃ…  " This shows how people in Fitzgerald's time reacted to free black families. Nick describes the black males as "Bucks" because that's the name people used when they auctioned them off as slaves. He couldn't just refer to them as "men" or "gentlemen" because it was inappropriate to give blacks a high status. Throughout the novel discussing the downfall of the white race is a common topic. Tom and Daisy share thoughts about the downfall over dinner and Tom states that "If we don't look out the white race will be-will be utterly submerged," and Daisy follows that comment up with "We've got to beat them (minorities) down." Because nobody looks the same and because people fear anything different, they had no choice but to fear minorities. If you were not wealthy and white, you were feared. But racism wasn't the only degrading thing in the book; characters spoke condescendingly about people's financial status as well. If you lived in East Egg, you were wealthy and glamorous. If you lived in West Eg ...

Eyeteeth

Eyeteeth Eyeteeth Eyeteeth By Maeve Maddox In this morning’s paper, I read the following in a guest column written by a recent college graduate: I [won’t] deny knowing people who skipped college and ended up with the sorts of careers most grads would cut their eyeteeth for. The writer’s meaning was that â€Å"most grads† would envy the â€Å"sorts of careers† attained by some of the people â€Å"who skipped college.† This young writer has mixed up his â€Å"eyeteeth† expressions. The idiom he was reaching for is â€Å"to give one’s eye teeth for.† First, a definition of eyetooth: â€Å"a canine tooth, especially, of the upper jaw.† According to a note in the OED, eyeteeth probably derive their name from â€Å"the fact that the roots of the upper canines extend close to the floor of the eye socket.† Because the eyeteeth are the latest to emerge in the human child–the first set at about 16 months and the second set at about the age of 12 years–they have become a symbol of maturity and wisdom. I suspect that their usefulness in tearing meat makes them something to be valued as well. To say that a person is willing to â€Å"give his eyeteeth† in exchange for some benefit is to indicate the intensity of the person’s desire for that benefit: To get 25 percent of the market and knock off Ford? I’d give my eyeteeth. –Iacocca, Google eBook, 2011. I’d give my eyeteeth to see more of their work onstage. –Marya Hornbacher,  Minnesota Playlist There is an expression â€Å"to cut one’s eyeteeth.† Literally, it means to have your eyeteeth come in. Figuratively, it means to pass from babyhood to youth. It can also mean, â€Å"to acquire initial practice or experience in a particular sphere of activity.† For example: The new White House social secretary is Bess Clements Abell, a graduate in political science from the University of Kentucky, who cut eyeteeth on big-league politics as the daughter of a former governor and senator. [I] cut my eyeteeth in many a cover band and managed to continue drumming through good days and bad. –Steve Scarpelli, The Sun Kings More frequently, the idea of gaining experience prior to becoming a master at one’s craft is expressed as â€Å"to cut one’s teeth†: It has been 30 years since Edi Truell cut his teeth as a trainee with a Wall Street bank. Rookie prosecutors cut teeth on DUI, misdemeanor cases Students cut their teeth during rural clinical placement. Bottom line: to give one’s eyeteeth for: to exchange something precious for something even more precious to cut one’s eyeteeth: to gain experience Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea†Using "zeitgeist" Coherently

Effect of Visual Communication on Businesses Essay

Effect of Visual Communication on Businesses - Essay Example "We exist in a visual culture. The importance of reading and interpreting signs has become a rapidly increasing concern in recent years. This book offers an intricate theoretical perspective regarding the study of visual communication and expands the academic arena for debate concerning the visual. 'The significance of Jamieson's book is that it addresses the subject of the visual arts from this wider vantage point. For Jamieson, the visual arts reveal visual communication as the means by which the body and its organs communicate with its surrounding forms.' (Professor Robert Cooper, Keele University) Worth S in Studying Visual Media expresses it as "The central thread that runs through Sol Worth's research and writings is the question of how meaning is communicated through visual images. Coming to academic life after careers in painting, photography, and filmmaking, Worth was imbued with the conviction that visual media were forms of communication that, while fundamentally different from speech, could and must be seriously examined as ways by which human beings create and share meanings." The powerful effects of this visual media of communication grew faster in the 21 century due to the ubiquitous ness of the computers and the internet. Fast paced life and neck by neck business competition made businessmen and Commercial intelligentsia aware of its powerful impact on consumers and citizens of the global world. Communication was always important means of reaching out to people but the digital technology and the revolutionised electronics have not only made life swifter but also made it essential for everyone to stay connected in order to survive in the pace of globalisation and dissolving geographical boundaries in this century.Anything that is easier, faster and effective to understand and tell is the fundamental aim of every means and mode of communication today. Visual communication thus paved its way into nooks and corners of daily lives of all who walk on the earth in the modern world. From domestic to diversified sectors of business, media, commerce, health, religion, or any faculty of society, visual communication has now become a supreme form of effective communication. Corporate offices and Multinational companies have realised the importance of reaching out to their consumers. Visual communication through graphics, designs and signage has surpassed all barricades of language as a means of communication today. A visual graphic needs neither reading nor learning as it is easy to comprehend by sheer vision. Hence it has gained immeasurable popularity in the daily world including the world of business communication. Research in visual communication has proved the magnified influence of this form of communication and there is very little doubt of its becoming a panacea of top business strategies. In Visual Communication: Images with Messages Lester (California State University) "explores how the brain

Article Critiques on Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Critiques on Finance - Essay Example Asian governments, "made sure their farmers, big and small, were able to avail themselves of fertiliser, irrigation and connections to markets". A large part of this credit goes to the Nobel laureate, Norman Borlang, who pioneered the green revolution. In Africa however, governments saw improvements in agriculture technology only as a " means to secure political favour, not the food supply". Hence the renewed interest in Africa is welcome to ensure that the benefits of the green revolution succeed at least at the second attempt. No nation will ever be able to enjoy political and economic stability unless it is self-sufficient in its food supply. Food is important in the developing and least developed countries because buying and selling of food accounts for a major chunk of economic activity. Improvements in the agriculture sector results in economic upliftment at the grass-roots level where it is most needed. The media industry was shocked when in September 2006, Viacom CEO, Tom Freston was sacked and replaced by Philippe Dauman, a corporate lawyer unknown in the media industry. This resulted in a sharp fall in the value of Viacom shares, until Dauman re-assured shareholders that there would be no major policy shifts in the near future.

Discussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Discussion questions - Essay Example Managed health care refers to techniques or programs whose intention is to minimize unnecessary health care expenses. Managed health care include economic incentives for patients to select l affordable health care, control of length of stay and admission of inpatients, programs that evaluate the necessity of the provision of specific health care services, incentives for cost sharing for expensive and specialized services such as outpatient surgery, and forming health service provision contracts with selected health care providers (DeNisco & Barker, 2012). Behavioral modification has become an essential intervention technique in disease prevention and promotion of health care. Its intention is to strengthen or weaken a specific behavior with an aim of generating positive or negative consequences. The role of advanced nurses in behavioral modification includes identifying and modifying behavioral risk factors for health promotion and disease prevention through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or differential reinforcement. The appropriate use of acceptable interventions, cost effective procedures and materials, community friendly programs, and observable effects can assist an advanced nurse in achieving behavior modification at individual and community level. Therapeutic intervention by advanced nurses involves medical and non medical intervention. Alongside with other professions, advanced nurses are responsible for treatment, making follow up to ascertain whether patients are recovering, and non treatment interventions such as counseling (DeNisco & Barker, 2012). The government’s role in healthcare involves delivery of quality health care, financing of healthcare and regulation of both public and private health care services. The government has its own organizations that offer health care services. These organizations offer

The Stock Market Values Of Usec Finance Essay

The Stock Market Values Of Usec Finance Essay The report values the existing operations and future projects of USEC and analyses whether the stock market is significantly over or undervaluing the business. USEC is the worlds leading provider of enriched uranium to the commercial power plants with a 50% market share in the North America. The current share price fairly reflects the existing operations and future growth of those operations. However, there are two important valuation issues. Firstly, the company has initiated the American Centrifugal Project (ACP) which will use new technology. It would reduce costs and double the current capacity. The total capital investment is expected to be $1.7 billion and the plant is expected to start production in 2011. The NPV of the ACP is -$220 million implying that the share is overvalued significantly. Secondly, the company has a very high amount of uranium inventory and if its market value is included then the market is significantly undervaluing the liquidation value. However, the liquidation value is likely to be lower than the market value of inventory because it will be difficult to sell all inventories without resulting in sharp drop in uranium prices. Overall, considering the high risks involved in the ACP, the market price is higher than the true worth of the company and hence the trading strategy would be to short USEC. Introduction USEC is the worlds leading supplier of enriched uranium fuel for commercial nuclear power plants. This report analyses whether the company is over or undervalued and suggests an appropriate trading strategy. The USECs share price of $10.80 fairly reflects the expectations of the cash-flow potential of companys existing operations. However, there are two main issues that can result in USECs valuation being significantly different from its market valuation. Firstly, the company was in the initial stages of implementing the American Centrifuge Project (ACP) which will not only double the scale of the company but also significantly improve its competitive position. The usage of a new technology in the ACP will reduce electricity costs substantially, a major cost contributor in enriching Uranium. Secondly, as a result of USECs contract with the US government and the Department of Energy (DoE), the company has a high inventory of uranium acquired at a cost which is less than 50% of the current market price. This could give a potential valuation boost. The above-mentioned two points are analysed in detail to understand their potential impact on the valuation of the company. Finally, a trading recommendation is made on the basis of the above analysis. Company background USEC operates the only uranium-enrichment facility in the US, a diffusion plant in Paducah, Kentucky. Uranium fuel for nuclear power plant is sold as Separate Work Unit (SWU) and USEC uses, on average, one pound of uranium to produce one SWU. The capacity of the Paducah plant is 3.5 million SWU. USEC has another plant which is placed in cold standby under a contract with the DoE. USEC also provides contract and consulting services to the DoE. The company supplied 50% of enriched uranium fuel to commercial nuclear power plants in the North America. Its global market share was 30%. Its main competitors are AREVA/Eurodif, Tenex and Urenco. USECs revenues and net profit for the year ended 31 December 2005 were $1,559 million and $22 million respectively. Rationale for investing in the ACP The company has recently initiated the American Centrifuge Project (ACP). ACP is a major investment and will cost $1.7 billion. The company is pursuing the ACP due to the following factors. USECs operating costs are significantly high due to its usage of a technology that consumes more electricity for enriching uranium into SWU. The electricity costs of the company have risen recently because a long-term contract with a power supplier has expired. The operating profit margin declined from 5.2% in 2004 to 4.3% in 2005. The new technology at the ACP will reduce enrichment-process energy consumption costs by 95% and overall enrichment costs would be cut by 50%, relative to the existing process. This would allow the company to target higher profit margins and/or higher market share by positioning itself as a low-cost producer. US government has entered into the Megatons to Megawatts contract with the Russian government under which USEC is bound to purchase 5 million pounds of uranium each year from Russia. The Paducah plant can process only 3.5 million pounds of uranium per annum. The higher purchase than consumption over the years has resulted in an inventory of 29 million pounds of uranium. The capacity of the ACP is 6.5 million SWU per annum. The high capacity will reduce the existing inventory over time. One of companys competitors, URENCO, is planning a new plant in New Mexico. The ACP may deter URENCO from opening the new plant. USEC will also save $8m and $30m in lease and capital expenditure costs respectively annually by putting Paducah plant in cold standby once the ACP starts production. NPV of the ACP currently implied by the stock market The stock market implied NPV of the ACP can be deduced from the difference between the market value of USEC and the NPV of its existing business. The current share price of $10.80 fairly reflects the discounted cash flows of the existing operations as well as the future growth of those operations. This implies that the stock market is assigning no NPV to the ACP. In spite of the new technology reducing costs and inventory, and increasing sales, the stock market doesnt seem to think that the ACP will change the value of the company. This could be due to a number of reasons. Firstly, USEC already has a very high market share and it would be difficult for the company to significantly increase its market share with the near doubling of production capacity. Secondly, ACP will be the first commercialisation of a new technology and actual benefits in terms of energy savings may not meet the projected figures. Flyvbjerg et al. (2009, p. 172) state that projects underperform due to numerous uncertainties such as project complexity, technological uncertainty. This would reduce the NPV of the project. Thirdly, the plant is expected to cost $1.7 billion and take 4 years to build. Large-scale projects typically cost much higher than the initial estimates (Touran and Lopez, 2006, p. 853). The time required to complete the project may also exceed initial estimates and could end up further increasing the cost. This could have a severe impact on USECs financials as the company will have to pay interest on high borrowings. Finally, the company may not be able to recoup a large part of its investment if the things did not go to plan because of the specialist nature of ACPs assets (McLaney and Atrill, 2007, p. 510). USECs WACC The WACC formula is given below. WACC = Cost of debt*(1-Tax rate)*(Debt/(Debt+Equity)) + Expected return on equity*(Equity/(Debt+Equity)) The expected return on equity is calculated according to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (Pagano and Stout, 2004, p. 14). Expected return on equity = Risk-free rate + Beta*(Market risk premium) The risk-free rate is 5.04%, yield on the 10-year US Treasury bonds. USECs beta is 1.3 and the market risk premium is expected to be 5.5%. Substituting values in the above equation, Return on equity = 5.04% + 1.3*5.5% = 12.19% The current yield on the companys debt is 9.04% and this will be the cost of debt. The tax rate (tax / profit before tax) in 2005 was 40%. The amount of debt was $475 million on 31 December 2005. It is assumed that the amount of debt has not changed in July 2006. The share price is $10.80. The number of shares was 86.1 million which gives the company a market capitalisation of $930 million. Substituting values in the WACC equation, the WACC of USEC is 9.90%. This WACC will be used for discounting APC. However, there are key issues in doing this. It assumes that the APC will be funded with same gearing as the existing business. This would require a large amount of equity funding which is unlikely. The APC will most likely have a different gearing and hence, its WACC will be different. Using same WACC also assumes similar risk profile. However, this ignores two important points. Firstly, the company will be using a completely different and new technology and additional risk should be reflected in higher WACC or risk-adjusted cash flows (Genus and Coles, 2006, p. 116). Secondly, the risks associated with long construction period should also be taken into account. Additionally, Lobe (2009, p. 45) states that a constant WACC rate must fail if the implied leverage ratio is time varying. It would be difficult to maintain a constant leverage ratio as the operating profits will change the gearing in the later years. This implies that constant WACC based on current gearing is incorrect. In light of the above points, the WACC of the ACP is likely to be different than that of USEC. NPV of the ACP The NPV calculations are based on the following assumptions: Same capital structure as the existing operations. The debt required to fund the ACP will be $817 million based on the current gearing and remaining investment of $1.6 billion. SWU price in 2006 of $127 per unit. Uranium cost in 2006 of $43 per pound. 2006 enrichment cost of the ACP of $21 per SWU. Annual increases in SWU and enrichment cost at long-term inflation rate of 3%. Selling and general expenses at 4% of revenues, in line with 2005 figures. 1% of revenue paid as royalty to the DoE. Tax rate of 40%. Appendix I shows the sales and cost data used in projecting profit and loss of the ACP. Appendix II shows the profit and loss projections over the useful life of the ACP. Appendix III shows the NPV calculations of the ACP. The NPV is $597 million. After deducting debt of $817 million, the net value addition to equity holders will be -$220 million. The negative NPV to equity implies that the companys equity will be destroyed by the ACP and hence, the current market price is significantly overvalued. The NPV is based on a number of key factors including sales volume projections, sales price and cost per unit. The sensitivity of the NPV to key factors is analysed below. Sales projections The table below shows the sensitivity of the NPV to changes in sales units, expressed as percents of the base case. Table 1 Sensitivity to change in sales volume of SWU NPV decreases with reduction in sales volume. The highest NPV is -$220 million because the plant cannot produce more than 6.5 million SWU. Inflation rate The sales price of SWU, the cost of uranium and enrichment are assumed to grow at the inflation rate. The table below shows the sensitivity of the NPV to changes in the inflation rate. The NPV is positive at inflation rate of 4.5% or higher. Table 2 Sensitivity to change in the inflation rate WACC The WACC is based on a number of assumptions and the actual WACC is likely to be higher because of additional risks in this projects. The table below shows the sensitivity of the NPV to changes in the WACC. Table 3 Sensitivity to change in the WACC The negative NPV means that the project is value destroying. However, higher production will help the company release a large amount of its working capital and reduce debt early. That could be the reason behind markets implied nil value of the ACP. Liquidation valuation USEC has a large amount of uranium inventory. The balance sheet values inventory at its cost price of $20 per pound. The current market price of uranium is $43 per pound. The more than double market price can have a significant impact on the value of the company if its business is liquidated immediately. The assets liquidation value per share based on the book value of uranium inventory is $5.1, which is 51% lower than the current market price. The assets liquidation value per share on the basis of market value of uranium is $13.1, which is 22% more than the market value. There are two important issues associated with the liquidation valuation if market value of uranium is used. Firstly, the amount of uranium held by the company is much more than the global annual requirement from the commercial nuclear power plants and it would be a major struggle to even sell a significant amount of uranium immediately. Secondly, the oversupply due to 29 million pounds will result in significant fall in the price of uranium. It is more likely that the company will realise a lot less than the market value if uranium stock is liquidated immediately and hence, market value of uranium should not be taken into account for the liquidation analysis. Conclusion The current share price fairly reflects the existing operations and future growth of those operations. However, there are two important and contrasting valuation issues. Firstly, the company has initiated the American Centrifugal Project (ACP) which will use new technology. The NPV of the ACP is -$220 million which implies that the share is overvalued significantly. Also, there are additional risks due to new technology and higher amount of funding. Secondly, the company has a very high amount of uranium inventory and if its market value is included then the stock market is significantly undervaluing USEC if the business is liquidated immediately. However, it is unlikely that the market price of uranium will be achieved if the firm is liquidated because the high inventory will result in a sharp drop in uranium prices. Overall, the company is facing higher operational costs and its reliance on the ACP to increase value is risky with a negative NPV. Costs and time overruns in implementing the project could severely impact the financial health of USEC. The investment strategy would be to short USEC as negatives of the ACP overweigh its positives, at least until the time the ACP becomes operational. Exhibit I Sales and cost data of the ACP Exhibit II Profit and loss of the ACP Exhibit III NPV of the ACP

Containment Of Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

The Cold War is the closest the world has ever come to complete destruction. In this period of time, two world super powers were in a stalemate economically and militarily and were constantly competing to be the superior. The Cold War started as result of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union had some differences on their perspectives of the world. United States being the richest country in the world promoted democracy and capitalism in the world. The newly formed Soviet Union thought that communism was a better political system because it transformed their economy and status in the world from nothing but a declining empire to a super power once again. The Cold War was a long series of events in which the communist tried to spread their ideas of government and socialist economy, known as expansionism, and the United States and some of the other Western powers such as Great Britain tried to contain it. Containment, a term introduced by George F. Kennan, was the foreign policy the United States practiced from 1946 to 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed. The United States saw the Soviet Union to be a direct threat to the free world. During president Truman and Eisenhower’s administration the policy of containment evolved so drastically that American presidents would put anything on the line, including world peace. It started with the Truman Doctrine (1947) that stated the United States would help any country financially and militarily that was interested in keeping the world free for democracy. The Truman Doctrine came about as direct result of communist guerillas in Greece trying to take over the government. American advisers believed that the guerillas were taking orders from the Soviets after they launched a civil war against the government. The United States decided to assist the standing government in Greece because they believed it would have a large impact on Europe and most importantly Turkey that was having its own problems with communism and was strategically located next to large oil reserves of Iran. Congress approved $300 million to aid Greece and $100 million in food and military expenses to aid Turkey. The second large step in containment was the Marshall Plan. Proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall, it would provide economic relief to rebuilding Western European nations such as Great Britain, France, Belgium and even... ...ed to nationalize the Suez Canal through which three fourths of all European oil is passed. After several months of negotiations Britain, France and Israel attacked Egypt and retook the canal. United Nations condemned their actions and forced them to give up the canal to Egypt once again. As a result of the Eisenhower convinced Congress to approve the Eisenhower Doctrine that would â€Å"assist any nation in the region that required aid against aggression from any nation controlled by International Communism.† The Eisenhower administration was very careful not to alienate any Middle Eastern countries that could provide the country with a steady supply of oil and this affected his foreign policy and the policy of containment. During the Truman and Eisenhower administration a policy of containment served to save the free world from communism. But at times these two administrations put world peace on the line to prove its superiority as a nation. One cannot judge these events to being wrong or right because values of a nation and people change with time, we can just learn from these events and know that the next time United States has a contest of superiority it could cost us the world.

There Is a Conflict Between Science and Religion

There is a conflict between science and religion. To begin with there is the Galileo Controversy. Furthermore there is the issue of the use of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). A third point is about how the universe was created. These three points clearly shows that there is a conflict between science and religion. To begin with there is the Galileo Controversy. Galileo was an Italian astronomer. He was the first man who suggested that the earth is actually the one which revolve around the sun and not the sun revolve around the earth which is what the people from the church believed at that time. When news about his theory was heard by the church they immediately told him to stop spreading his theory to other people because the people from the church interpreted that the bible said that the earth is the centre of the universe and it is in fix position and Galileo`s theory is contradicting with the bible. When he refuse to give up his theory he was placed under house arrest for the rest of his life. Furthermore there is the issue on the use of IVF. Science had found ways in which can help women to get pregnant that is through IVF. I must stress that my religion have no objection in using science to help sick people but using IVF is a different matter. Just the thought of a women getting pregnant by a man`s sperm, who is not her husband, disgust me not to mention it is against my principals, against my beliefs and above all It is against my religion. The reason why they can not get pregnant in the first place is because God did not want them to get pregnant and using IVF in against god`s wishes. Who are we to go and against God wishes? A third point is about how the universe was created. According to science the universe once was just a small space then it quickly expand when a huge explosion happened this is known as the Big Bang and it took 13 billion years for the universe to become what it is now. This is different from what my religion said. According to my religion when God wanted to make the universe he only need to say it and the universe was created instantly. These three points clearly shows that there is a conflict between science and religion. The fact that there is the Galileo Controversy, the fact that the use of IVF which is against God`s wishes and the fact that there is a contradicting explanation about how the universe was created. With this in mind it is clearly to conclude that there is a conflict between science and religion.

Difference Between Religion and Spirituality

This paper draws from six published works that deal with psychological and scholarly research on religion and spirituality. The works vary in their definitions and use of the concepts and terminology of religion and spirituality. Hood et al. (2009) suggest that that social scientists have traditionally been able to make a distinction between religion and spirituality in their research. However, other psychologists contend that the definitions overlap. Therefore, the conceptual and operational definitions have been inconsistently used. This paper examines Hood et al. 2009) research in relationship to other works to suggest that a definitive definition of religion and spirituality should be developed and agreed upon to advance the science of religion. Keywords: religion, spirituality In order to explore the differences between religion and spirituality one must attempt to define these terms. However, religion and spirituality are complex concepts not easily or definitively definable; a t least not universally. Their meanings have changed over the course of time. At times they have been used synonymously. Yet, at other times religion and spirituality are considered distinct concepts having no overlap.A Study on Religion and the Role of It on People and Media†¦. Furthermore, religion and spirituality are sometimes viewed as if one encompasses the other. It seems to simply be a matter of opinion; who is defining religion, when and for what purpose. To compound this quandary, social Science research suggests that lay people, religious and psychological educators and researchers define religion and spirituality inconsistently. This makes it particularly difficult for the scientific world to even compare research findings on religion and or spirituality. Religion and spirituality are complex and diverse cultural phenomenon. Hood, Hill, and Spilka (2009), stated â€Å"†¦what one person is sure to call religious may be far removed from another person’s understanding, especially when we begin to analyze religion across traditions and cultures† (p. 7). Western societies (especially in the United States) in the not too distant past, typically define religion as an institutionalized set of beliefs and rituals about God that is experienced and or practiced collectively. Conversely, other regions of the world (including eastern Asia) may define religion as encompassing multiple Gods or even no Gods (e. . ungodly supernatural entities) (Hood, et al. , 2009). Hood et al. , (2009) contend that Americans now use the term spirituality in place of religion. Nelson (2009), agrees with Hood et al. , that spirituality has become a synonym for religion. According to Nelson (2009), religion traditionally referred to all aspects of a human’s search for and relationship to a divine or transcendent (something greater than ourselves). Using the terminology of religion and spirituality interchangeably may be common practice but it doesn’t mean that they mean the same things. Like religion, spirituality has been defined in a myriad of ways. In ancient times spirituality was associated with the Hebrew Christian traditions (Ottaway, 2003). Through the 19th century spirituality was often considered to be synonymous with spiritualism. Spiritualism referred to contact with spirits, the supernatural, and psychic phenomena (Nelson, 2009). Hence, spirituality was considered negatively up until the 21st century. According to Nelson (2009), presently â€Å"the term is often used to denote the experiential and personal side of our relationship to the transcendent or sacred† (p. ). Nelson suggests that the people who use this definition tend to view religion as a distinct narrow concept. They typically define religion as â€Å"the organizational structures, practices, and beliefs of a religious group†, (Nelson, 2009, p. 8). The rise in popularity of spirituality in the last two decades has exaggerated the distinction and or lack of distinction between r eligion and spirituality. Whereas, some modern Americans use the terms interchangeably, others (especially those who abhor mainstream religions and all they are associated with) do not. The latter group might prefer to say that they are â€Å"spiritual but not religious†, (Zinnbauer, et al. , 1997). Conversely, people who unknowingly embrace Epstein’s (1993, 1994) Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST) may view spirituality and religion as distinct concepts that are nonetheless related (Hill, 1999). I believe that religion and spirituality can be two distinct concepts but that currently the line between the two is too blurry to be able to distinguish one from the other. One could experience religion without experiencing spirituality (e. g. teenager forced to attend church but merely going through the motions). On the other hand, one could also experience spirituality (e. g. a sense of â€Å"awe† in the presence of nature or enlightenment during meditation) in the absence of religion. Additionally, one could experience both spirituality and religion in the context of the other. For example, one could meditate communally with others in an insti tutional setting (typical of a religious experience) and experience spirituality. Another example is that one could attend church (typical of a religious experience) and meditate individually during the church service. At this point in time, religion and spirituality overlap in a plethora of ways. Each can have a reverence to a God, Gods, or a higher supernatural power or powers. Likewise, religion and spirituality can each have private, public, personal, communal, conscious, unconscious, tangible, intangible, subjective and objective components to them. One difference between spirituality and religion is that â€Å"spirituality does not require an institutional framework†, (Hood, et al, 2009, p. 11). Another difference is that religion does not require communal practices (e. g. an elderly invalid can religiously pray at home). My views on religion and spirituality are that of a layperson and an aspiring psychologist and are indubitably confusing. However, my view doesn’t seem to differ substantially from others (laypersons, religious professionals and scholars, and social science professionals and researchers), as a finite definition for religion or spirituality is nonexistent (Zinnbauer et al. , 2010; Hood et al. , 2009, Nelson, 2009). According to Hood et al. (2009), a traditional distinction exists between religion and spirituality in the research literature, therefore the two terms are not used synonymously. Hood et al. (2009) explains that spirituality is viewed as personal and psychological, while religion is viewed as institutional and sociological. Basically, Hood et al. (2009), contends that religion is steeped in tradition and institution, whereas, spirituality has to do with a person’s personal beliefs, values and behaviors. This definition seems to be consistent with how religion and spirituality were defined between the 19th and 21st centuries. However, it should be noted, that Hood et al. 2009) also, later state that â€Å"in fact it is safe to say that even we three authors of this text do not fully agree with each other about the meaning of these terms† (p. 11). To compound matters, other psychologists suggest that religion and spirituality are used inconsistently in the research literature. Zinnbauer et al, (1997) argue that although social scientists have attempted to define, study, and theorize about religion and spirituality, they have done so inconsistently . â€Å"Still, the ways in which the words are conceptualized an used are often inconsistent in the research literature† (p. 549). According to Bender (2007) religion has been associated with a formal or institutional system and expression of belief and practices that is corporate, public, and conscious in scholarly studies. Conversely, spirituality has been defined as individual, private and unconscious, (Bender, 2007). Due to the inconsistencies in the definitions and use of religion and spirituality a pilot study was conducted to ascertain how religious professionals defined and evaluated religion and spirituality. The 2006 study conducted by Corine Hyman and Paul Handal at Saint Louis University in Missouri included Imans, Ministers, Priests, and Rabbis. These religious experts were asked to conceptually define religion and spirituality and to identify if there were any overlaps between the two. The study findings indicate that there were overlaps between the two concepts. However, religion was defined in a traditional sense of objective, institutional and ritualistic and spirituality was defined as subjective, internal and divine or transcendent (Hyman & Handal , 2006). Another study, this time conducted at the Maryland University, attempted to discern how lay people define religion and spirituality and how they make distinctions between the two. The participants in this study consisted of sixty-seven adults aged 61 to 93 who lived in three different retirement communities (Schlehofer, Omoto, A. M. , Adelman, 2008). The research findings indicate that the participants were better able to define religion concretely, than they were able to define spirituality. â€Å"In fact, some participants were not able to define spirituality at all†, (Schlehofer et al. , 2008). The afore mentioned studies illustrate that defining religion and spirituality is an ongoing task and not easily surmountable. This of course, makes the task of operationally defining religion and spirituality even harder. According to Bender (2007), spirituality is typically measured by asking questions about psychological well-being, experience, and self-identification; while religion is measured by questions about activities and doctrine. Although, many operational definitions have been developed and used to measure religion and spirituality, how does one actually know what one is measuring if the thing(s) that one is measuring is not clearly defined? CONCLUSIONS and Future Study: Ergo, in order to try to understand how religion and or spirituality affect all aspects of a person’s life, it is prudent for the scientific community to agree on what it is that they are actually researching. Once, the terms are defined and agreed upon, then they can operationally define each term. Only then, can psychologists more confidently conduct research and analysis to understand the true effects of religion and spirituality and make comparisons about those findings.ReferencesBender, C. (2007). Religion and Spirituality: History, Discourse, Measurement. Retrieved from http://religion.ssrc.org/reforum/Bender.pdf   Hill, P. C. (1999). Giving religion away: What the study of religion offers psychology. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 94(4), 229-249. Hood, R. W., Hill, P. C., Spilka, B. (2009). The Psychology of Religion, 2, 7-11. Hyman, C., & Handal, P. J. (2006). Definitions and evaluation of religion and spiritua lity items by religious professionals: A pilot study. Journal of Religion and Health, 45(2), 264-282. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-006-9015-zNelson, J. M. (2009). Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality. Introduction to Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality. Retrieved from http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sfx_local/img/sfxmenu/dl_logo_1024.png Schlehofer, M. M., Omoto, A. M. and Adelman, J. R. (2008). How do â€Å"religion† and â€Å"spirituality† differ? Lay Defintions among Older Adults. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47: 411-425. Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M.S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T.G., Hipp, K. M., Scott, A. B., Kadar, J. L. (1997). Religion and Spirituality: Unfuzzing the Fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36 (4). Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1387689